Hydrocarbon Fuels Essay Example for Free

Hydrocarbon fuels EssayFuels atomic number 18 substances that burn in reactions with oxygen on a hulky scale, with transfer of competency to the surroundings. Fossil fuels are the nearly common and widely used fuels around today.The essential reaction for any chemical fuel includesFuel + Oxygen Oxidation + Energy transferproductsFossil fuels are a non renewable source of fuels and include coal, oil color and gas. These are raw materials that supply feedback for some of our chemical industry. These have been produced over millions of years and are being consumed rapidly. If we run out of fossil fuels they chamberpotnot be reproduced which is why it is important to use them efficiently.Crude oil and essential gas provide fuel for heating, electricity generation and transport. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons with small molecules. These molecules are made of atoms of carbon and hydrogen. For example, natural gas used in the home is mainly methane, CH4.Crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, with a varying composition depending on its source. The hydrocarbons in crude oil have different simmering points, according to the number of carbon atoms their molecules contain and how they are arranged. Fractional distillation uses the difference in boiling point to separate the hydrocarbons in crude oil. The fractionating column is cooler at the top than the bottom, so the vapours cool as they rise. Vapours condense onto a tray when they reach the part of the column which is cooler than their boiling point, they are therefore now separated.There is a greater demand for lighter short reach hydrocarbons such as petrol and naphtha and the demand for heavy long chain hydrocarbons is much less. E.g. bitumenCracking is a form of thermal decomposition and is the process in which shorter more useful carbon chain hydrocarbons are produced from longer less useful chains by heating. This is done by breaking the carbon-carbon bonds which are precise stro ngly attracted so the process of tornado has high activation energy. It is a free radical process and so it makes a mixture of products.Catalytic cracking is a Carbo Cation mechanism. It uses catalyst zeolite at slight pressure- 4/5 atmospheres to make more fuels. It also makes aromatic hydrocarbons.Shape selectivity by a zeolite catalyst legal separation of isomers by a molecular sieveThe advantages of using fossils is that very large amounts of electricity muckle be generated in one place using coal, fairly cheaply. Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is also very easy. Gas-fired power stations are very efficient and a fossil-fuelled power station can be built almost anywhere, so long as you can get large quantities of fuel to it.However there are many disadvantages the most common and serious being taint. Spillage of fuels can cause great damage in streams and ponds resulting in immense loss of animal and plant spirit and an enormous cost of cleaning it up. Oxi dation of carbon-based compounds produces vast amounts of carbon dioxide which contributes to the green house effect causing an increase in atmospheric temperatures which is then belike to cause changes in climate and weather patterns. A large variety of compounds, including carcinogens, appear in the smoke from burning coal and wood.Inefficient burning of carbon-based fuels in defective furnace and domestic gas fires produces poisonous gas carbon monoxide. This can cause problems in health as if it is breathed in it can sign up the oxygen space in hemoglobin and react with the iron, this would mean that the body would not function properly and death will follow.Burning fuels also produces two other poisonous gases such as various nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides. The sulphur oxide comes from the sulphur impurities in the fossil fuels however the nitrogen oxides are produced by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen in the air caused by the heat of the burning. When these gases mix with clouds they form dilute sulphuric acid and dilute nitric acid. This then falls as acid rain which kills fish, trees and limestone buildings. Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous. Strip mining destroys large areas of the landscape.This image shows unused Effects of acid on stoneFish as a result of pollution sculptureThere are some alternatives to fossil fuels that may provide a better environment these include the following* BIOMASS plants can be used directly as fuels e.g wood or they can be grown for conversion into fuels e.g sugar from sugar cane improvement renewable, helps to reduce waste and used with simple technologyDisadvantage not large decorous to replace fossil fuels at present rates of use.* METHANOL this alcohol can be used in racing cars and it is made instead cheaply from methane utility methanol does not produce a lot of carbon monoxide when burntDisadvantage mixture of methanol and petrol absorb water and may cause corrosion of car engines* NUCLEAR FUELS when the nuclei of atoms of isotopes of uranium undergo fission (splitting) in a chain reaction very large amounts of energy is releasedAdvantage there are no carbon, nitrogen and sulphur produced.Disadvantage Radioactive waste products are difficult to store and treat.* MOVING AIR WIND The energy of moving air is transferred into the motion of windmills and wind turbinesAdvantage no pollution is produced and it is renewableDisadvantage can be expensive to generate electricity for a large scale. Is not very reliable as it needs wind which is not always available.* MOVING WATER Stored water behind dams or from waterfalls can be released through turbines and generate electricityAdvantage can be used on large scale and is quite predictableDisadvantage quite costly* SUNLIGHT Solar panels are used to heat water and photovoltaic cells are used to convert light into electricityAdvantage pollution free with no waste productsDisadvantage the sun is not always available in countries li ke the UK and also there is no sun at night time.* GEOTHERMAL Water is pumped into wells in the hot rock zone is heated and used to heat buildingsAdvantage available in large quantities and no pollution is producedDisadvantage expensive and has some technological problems* HYDROGEN Hydrogen is extracted from water by electrolysis and used on transport systemsAdvantage available in large quantities and causes no air pollutionDisadvantage regarded as too dangerously explosive and it is too difficult to storeBibliography* OCR textual matter book Chemistry 1* AS and A level chemistry revision guide* GCSE double science chemistry revision guide* Google seek* http//www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/fossil.htm